Implications of Urban-to-Rural Migration and Dual Residency on Farmland Access: Insights from Njombe Town and Mufindi District Councils, Tanzania

Abstract

This study explores the impact of urban-to-rural migration and dual residency on smallholder farmers’ farmland access in Tanzania’s Njombe Town and Mufindi District Councils. Despite growing urban-rural linkages, the effect of urban-to-rural migration on rural land dynamics remains understudied. Using a cross-sectional design, data were collected from 494 smallholder farmers across six villages, supplemented by interviews with urban dwellers (n=30), dual residents (n=20), and key informants (n=15). Results show a significant influx of urban dwellers (99.2%) and dual residents engaging in commercial agriculture (e.g., timber, avocado), acquiring large land tracts (98%). This drives economic benefits like job creation and technology transfer (77.3% positive perceptions) but exacerbates land scarcity (93.7%) and conflicts (83.9%). Chi-square tests confirmed significant associations (χ²=50.639, df=8, p<0.05) between migration and reduced farmland access. Women and youth face disproportionate barriers due to customary tenure. While migration fosters agricultural transformation, it threatens smallholder livelihoods. Policymakers should implement land ceilings, cooperative ownership, and training programs. Future research should explore gendered impacts and alternative income sources (e.g., agro-tourism).